# PT-141 References: The Cited Literature (Bremelanotide)

> PT-141 references: the full cited source list behind this bremelanotide digest — the RECONNECT Phase 3 trials, the FDA label, mechanistic and recent studies, with DOIs and PubMed links.

Every figure on this site maps to one of these entries — the peer-reviewed trials, the FDA prescribing information, and the recent literature.

## About these references

Every quantitative claim across this site — trial enrollments, FSFI-desire and FSDS-DAO deltas, P-values, half-life, the approval date and NDA number — maps to a numbered entry in the list below. The PT-141 references include the two pivotal Phase 3 trials, the 52-week extension, the mechanistic fMRI study, the US prescribing information, and the most recent supportive and critical literature.

Where a source carries a DOI or PubMed identifier, it is listed so the original can be located. This is an editorial digest of published research; the sources are the record, and this page is the index to them.

## References

[1] Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:96-102. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12851303/
[2] Pfaus J, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, Tse M, Molinoff P. Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:10201-10204. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15226502/
[3] Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA. Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):899-908. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599840/
[4] Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Clayton AH. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):909-917. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599847/
[5] Thurston L, Hunjan T, Mills EG, Wall MB, Ertl N, Phylactou M, et al. Melanocortin 4 receptor agonism enhances sexual brain processing in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Clin Invest. 2022;132(19):e152341. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36189794/
[6] Borland JM, Kohut-Jackson AL, Peyla AC, Hall MA, Mermelstein PG, Meisel RL. Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Neuropharmacology. 2025;267:110299. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39793696/
[7] U.S. Food and Drug Administration / DailyMed. Bremelanotide Injection — US Prescribing Information. 2019. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=8c9607a2-5b57-4a59-b159-cf196deebdd9
[8] Palatin Technologies, Inc. Palatin Announces the Initiation of a Phase 2 Clinical Study of Bremelanotide Co-Administered with a PDE5i for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction (ED). Company press release. 2024. https://palatin.com/press_releases/palatin-announces-the-initiation-of-a-phase-2-clinical-study-of-bremelanotide-co-administered-with-a-pde5i-for-the-treatment-of-erectile-dysfunction-ed/
[9] Nappi RE, Tiranini L, Martini E, Bosoni D, Righi A, Cucinella L. Medical Treatment of Female Sexual Dysfunction. Urol Clin North Am. 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35428435/
[10] Al Shaer D, Al Musaimi O, Albericio F, de la Torre BG. 2019 FDA TIDES (Peptides and Oligonucleotides) Harvest. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2020;13(3):40. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32151051/
[11] Gelman F, Atrio J. Flibanserin for hypoactive sexual desire disorder: place in therapy. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2017;8(1):16-25. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28203348/
[12] Spielmans GI. Small Effects, Questionable Outcomes: Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. J Sex Res. 2024;61(4):540-555. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36809187/
[13] Toledo RG, Winkelman WD, Reyes-Gonzalez D, Bergeron S, Fladger A, Hacker MR. Female Sexual Desire, Arousal, and Orgasmic Dysfunctions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Treatment Options. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40543759/

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An azure-ruled ledger of the PT-141 (bremelanotide) record — the 2019 approval, the 1,267-woman trials, and the half-life on the label entered as cited credits, with the small-effect critique, the ~40% nausea, and the premenopausal-HSDD-only boundary ruled in plain sight as the debits they are; no clinic balances behind this page and nothing here is dosed, prescribed, or sold.