The literature · Cited in full
PT-141 references and sources
Every figure on this site maps to one of these entries — the peer-reviewed trials, the FDA prescribing information, and the recent literature.
About these references
Every quantitative claim across this site — trial enrollments, FSFI-desire and FSDS-DAO deltas, P-values, half-life, the approval date and NDA number — maps to a numbered entry in the list below. The PT-141 references include the two pivotal Phase 3 trials, the 52-week extension, the mechanistic fMRI study, the US prescribing information, and the most recent supportive and critical literature.
Where a source carries a DOI or PubMed identifier, it is listed so the original can be located. This is an editorial digest of published research; the sources are the record, and this page is the index to them.
- Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:96-102. ↗
- Pfaus J, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, Tse M, Molinoff P. Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:10201-10204. ↗
- Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA. Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):899-908. ↗
- Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Clayton AH. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):909-917. ↗
- Thurston L, Hunjan T, Mills EG, Wall MB, Ertl N, Phylactou M, et al. Melanocortin 4 receptor agonism enhances sexual brain processing in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Clin Invest. 2022;132(19):e152341. ↗
- Borland JM, Kohut-Jackson AL, Peyla AC, Hall MA, Mermelstein PG, Meisel RL. Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Neuropharmacology. 2025;267:110299. ↗
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration / DailyMed. Bremelanotide Injection — US Prescribing Information. 2019. ↗
- Palatin Technologies, Inc. Palatin Announces the Initiation of a Phase 2 Clinical Study of Bremelanotide Co-Administered with a PDE5i for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction (ED). Company press release. 2024. ↗
- Nappi RE, Tiranini L, Martini E, Bosoni D, Righi A, Cucinella L. Medical Treatment of Female Sexual Dysfunction. Urol Clin North Am. 2022. ↗
- Al Shaer D, Al Musaimi O, Albericio F, de la Torre BG. 2019 FDA TIDES (Peptides and Oligonucleotides) Harvest. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2020;13(3):40. ↗
- Gelman F, Atrio J. Flibanserin for hypoactive sexual desire disorder: place in therapy. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2017;8(1):16-25. ↗
- Spielmans GI. Small Effects, Questionable Outcomes: Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. J Sex Res. 2024;61(4):540-555. ↗
- Toledo RG, Winkelman WD, Reyes-Gonzalez D, Bergeron S, Fladger A, Hacker MR. Female Sexual Desire, Arousal, and Orgasmic Dysfunctions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Treatment Options. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2026. ↗